0 Modal in the past form

Modals in the past are :

1) Could.
Could is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests. "Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as the conditional form of "can."


Examples:

• Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city. possibility
• Nancy could ski like a pro by the age of 11. past ability
• You could see a movie or go out to dinner. suggestion
• Could I use your computer to email my boss? request
• We could go on the trip if I didn't have to work this weekend. conditional

2) Might 

Might is most commonly used to express possibility. It is also often used in conditional sentences. English speakers can also use "might" to make suggestions or requests, although this is less common in American English.

Examples:

• Your purse might be in the living room. possibility 
• If I didn't have to work, I might go with you. conditional 
• You might visit the botanical gardens during your visit. suggestion   
• Might I borrow your pen? request

3) Would.

Would is most commonly used to create conditional verb forms. It also serves as the past form of the modal verb "will." Additionally, "would" can indicate repetition in the past. For more information on the grammar behind the modal verb "would," visit the following tutorials:Conditional Tutorial, Future in the Past, and Would Always.

Examples:

• If he were an actor, he would be in adventure movies. conditional 
• I knew that she would be very successful in her career. past of "will" 
• When they first met, they would always have picnics on the beach. repetition

4) Should.

Should is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.

Examples:

·       When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. recommendation

·       You should focus more on your family and less on work. advice

·       I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. obligation

·       By now, they should already be in Dubai. expectation

The formula of Modals in the past form :
A.COULD + VERB BASE.

>To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.
Example :
Cika : “I’m having trouble with math.”
Riko : “Why you don’t ask Kiki? Perhaps she could help you.”

>To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example :
Santi : “Nik, can you climb the mango tree?”
Niko : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”

B. WOULD + VERB BASE.
>For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Ani : “What did you do on holidays?”
Risma : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”

>Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.
Example :
Jerry : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”
Lita : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”

>To express polite request.
Example :
Mr. Willy : “Would you mind posting the letter?
Reva : “No, not at all.”

C.SHOULD + VERB BASE.
>To give definite advice.
Example :
Mother : “Neva, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”
Neva : “I will, Mom.

D.MIGHT + VERB BASE.
Ø To tell possibilities
Example :
Dina : “Why is Riko taking the bus to get home?”
Rita : “He might get a flat time.”

Ø To express polite request.
Example :
Dimas : “Might I borrow your book?”

Vera : “Yes, of course.”

MODALS IN THE PAST 

could	permission e.g. When I was a teenager, I could go out as late as I wanted.
	general ability e.g. Tom could walk by the age of 8 months.

could have	possibility, but did not happen e.g. I could have passed my driving test if I'd really tried.
	uncertainty e.g. I guess it could have been Sandra on the phone.

    

couldn'ta	permission e.g. When I was a teenager, I couldn't stay out as late as I wanted.
	general ability e.g. I couldn't walk until I was 2.
	ability in a particular situation e.g. I tried hard but I couldn't persuade him to go to the party with us.

couldn't have	possibility/ability e.g. I couldn't possibly have passed my driving test, even if I'd tried harder.
	uncertainty e.g. It couldn't have been Sandra on the phone, could it?
	with comparative adjectives e.g. I couldn't have asked for better weather on my wedding day.
	unwillingness e.g. I couldn't have left the dog in the car for long (so I didn't).

might have	possibility (didn't happen) e.g. You might have been killed!
	uncertainty e.g. I guess I might have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.
	annoyance at someone's failure to do something e.g. You might have told me that you had invited all your colleagues round for dinner!
	might have known + would (idiom to ironically express that somebody's action was typical) e.g. I might have known that he would finish with me as soon as he found out I wasn't wealthy!

might not have

uncertainty e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.

should have	expectation Why is she late?  She should have arrived by now!
	should have + verbs of thinking e.g. I should have thought you knew.
	with be and adjectives, describing chance e.g. It was weird that you should have been staying in the same hostel last month.
	criticism (you didn't do something, but it would have been the right thing to do) e.g.  The party was such fun last night!  You should have come!

0 Offering

Offering may refer to:

* Offering, a collection of donations during religious worship, see alms, tithe or charity
* Offering, a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life
* Offering (Buddhism), a part of devotional practice
* Securities offering, a discrete round of investment, usually regulated in the United States by the Securities Act of 1933

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
E Example :
Karina : Would you like a cup of tea, Mrs. Rita ?
Mrs. Rita : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
Karina : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.

* Ways to say it

* * Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Tarno?
* Would you care some salad?

* Offering to friends:

* * Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

* Less formal expressions:

* * Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

* Declining an offering

* * No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

* Accepting an offering:

* * Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice

0 Simple Future

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will

[will + verb]

Examples:

• You will help him later.
• Will you help him later?
• You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To

[am/is/are + going to + verb]

Examples:

• You are going to meet Jane tonight.
• Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
• You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

Complete List of Simple Future Forms

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Examples:

• I will send you the information when I get it.
• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?
• Will you make dinner?
• I will not do your homework for you.
• I won't do all the housework myself!
• A: I'm really hungry.
  B: I'll make some sandwiches.
• A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
  B: I'll get you some coffee.
• A: The phone is ringing.
  B: I'll get it.

USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise

"Will" is usually used in promises.

Examples:

• I will call you when I arrive.
• If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
• Don't worry, I'll be careful.
• I won't tell anyone your secret.

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.

Examples:

• He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
• She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
• A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
  B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
• I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
• Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
• They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
• Who are you going to invite to the party?
• A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
  B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.

USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.

Examples:

• The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
• The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.

• John Smith will be the next President.
• John Smith is going to be the next President.

• The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
• The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.

IMPORTANT

In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.

No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.

Examples:

• When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
• When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You will never help him.
• Will you ever help him?

• You are never going to meet Jane.
• Are you ever going to meet Jane?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
• The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive

• Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
• A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive

0 Noun Phrases

Noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, idea, or concept, or anything considered as noun
The Noun examples
• Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
• Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
• Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
• Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
• Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship


The Functions of Nouns in Sentences
1.Subject of the sentence
2.Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
4. Direct object of a verb
5. Indirect object of a verb
6. Object of the preposition
7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)

Gerunds can also be classified as noun
For example:
• I like swimming.
The word ‘swimming’ is a gerund

PHRASES
• A phrase is a group of related words that lacks both a subject and a predicate. Because it lacks a subject and a predicate it cannot act as a sentence.
• A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, and other nouns in the possessive case.
• Like a noun, a noun phrase can act as a subject, as the object of a verb or verbal, as a subject or object complement, or as the object of a preposition, as in the following ...
• Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.

A noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or a group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

EXAMPLES OF NOUN PHRASES:
e.g.: John was late.
('John' is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb.)

e.g: The people that I saw coming in the building at nine o'clock have just left.
('The people ... nine o'clock' is a lengthy noun phrase, but it functions as the subject of the main verb 'have just left'.)

formation of noun phrase:

a) Idefinite Article(a/an) + Noun
   examples : a truck, an examination, an investment
(truck is headword, a is word that describe the head.)

b) Definite Article(The) + Noun
examples : the ship, the soup, the cars, the model
(ship, soup, cars,model are headword)

c) Demonstrative Adjective(this, these, that, those) + Noun

examples : This song, That poem, those disasters
                 That stranger, These tragedies, this liquid

d) Possessive Adjective(my, her, your, etc) + Noun
examples : Her computers, your ideas, brittany’s question

Numerals example :

• two tympanis (=dua buah timpani)
• Four members (=empat orang anggota)
• Three guest (=ketiga tamu)

> Quantitative adjective(some, any, much,etc) + Noun
examples: some marvels, much wine, many wife

>Qualitative adjective + Noun

is words that indicate the nature or circumstances of an object, such as: white, large,Important, harmless, etc.. examples: kind treatments, clear sky, underpaid works

Noun phrase with the formation Of
Of is used to merge the two nouns or noun phrases, which are in front of the noun is a partof or behind the noun belongs to OF and noun phrases to form a new whole; phrase this thing can still be connected with another of the phrases to infinity.
Example: the roof of the house

0 Happines expression

Definition of Happines Expressions :
Happiness Expressions is an expression that is used to show that someone or people one glad have excitid feelings .


What is Happiness ??

=) It is important first understand that the term "happiness" refers to the emotion, mood, and state of happiness, however researchers generally study the more enduring "state" .
=) Expressions is used to expressions happiness feelings when we are successful to do something .

What would you say to express you happiness ??
:: I'm happy because ..

:: Fantastic !
:: Great !
:: My life's fun of happy day .
:: You make me happy .
:: I'm so glad that you .
:: I like !
:: I love !
:: I'm statistied with ..
:: I'm pleased with ..
:: Congratulation !!
:: Exciting !!

We can Happiness Expressions of by :
=) Word (kata-kata)
=) Gestures (Gerakan)

For the Example of dialogue about Happiness Expressions :   

Nhya  : What do you accept from your birthday ,dhina?

Dhina : Fantastic ,I can a new bag from my father. That’s new bag .

It is    very good

Nhya  : Oh, I ‘m happy too hear it.

Dhina : Thank’z ,Nhya

Nhya  : You are welcome

 I’m very happy, because how I can get together with my old friends. Oh, how I miss them.  I see that their appearances have not changed. Wima, the Winner Of  The Piano Competition, is playing us romantic music .

0 Passive voice

Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.


In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Simple Present	Active:	Rita	writes	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is written	by Rita.
Simple Past	Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was written	by Rita.
Present Perfect	Active:	Rita	has written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	has been written	by Rita.
Future I	Active:	Rita	will write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will be written	by Rita.
Hilfsverben	Active:	Rita	can write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	can be written	by Rita.

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Present Progressive	Active:	Rita	is writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is being written	by Rita.
Past Progressive	Active:	Rita	was writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was being written	by Rita.
Past Perfect	Active:	Rita	had written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	had been written	by Rita.
Future II	Active:	Rita	will have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will have been written	by Rita.
Conditional I	Active:	Rita	would write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would be written	by Rita.
Conditional II	Active:	Rita	would have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would have been written	by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

	Subject	Verb	Object 1	Object 2
Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter	to me.
Passive:	A letter	was written	to me	by Rita.
Passive:	I	was written	a letter	by Rita.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.

0 Vocabulary around the house

attic | bathroom | bedroom | kitchen | living room

Build Up

Other Rooms

Attic	People store things in the attic.
Ballroom	A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room	A small room used for storage.
Cellar	Underneath the house.
Cloakroom	A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory	A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room	A room where people eat (see eating at home).
Drawing Room	A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room	A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall	The entrance passage to a house.
Larder	A small room used for the storage of food.
Library	A room where books are kept.
Lounge	Another name for living room.
Music Room	A room where people play music.
Office	A room where people work.
Pantry	A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour	Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room	Another name for living room.
Spare Room/ Guest Room	A room where guests sleep.
Toilet	A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room	A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.

Things you may find around the house

light bulb(s)	plug(s)	socket(s)	torch(es)
ceiling light(s)	lamp(s)	curtain(s)	lock(s)
key(s)	shelf (shelves)	(tele)phone(s)	box(es)
plug(s)	battery (batteries)	photo(graph)(s)

Naturally Speaking

ceiling | door | floor | wall | window

Dialogue

Here is a conversation between Mrs Smith (Joan) and husband Steve.

It's Saturday and Joan and Steve are decorating.
Joan	Steve, you missed a bit.
Steve	Where?
Joan	Here, on the wall just by the window, you can see a patch of white.
Steve	Oh yes, I see it. It's difficult in this light.
Joan	I know, well at least we have finished this room, only five more to go.
Steve	Are you sure you want to put wallpaper up in the lounge?
Joan	Yes, but don't worry, I'm really good at wallpapering. I just wish that John would decide on what he wants his room doing in.
Steve	I know, it's difficult when you're a boy. At least he's grown out of Star Wars, I keep thinking he'll ask for red and black or something equally gruesome.
Joan	Yes, but it is his room. I'm glad we decided not to move though. Maybe we should think about building an extension to the kitchen instead.
Steve	One thing at a time please! Lets get this decorating over and done with first.
Joan	Ha! Oh by the way you missed a bit by the door too!
Steve	Hmmm, thanks. Here's a brush.