0 Finite Verb

Definition Of Finite Verb :

• also called a main verb 
• a verb that has a subject 
• a verb that shows tense, person, and number 
• can be the main verb in a sentence 

Moods in finite verb

1.  Indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs) Example: The coffee is hot. 
2. Imperative mood (giving a command) Example: Make the coffee hot. 
3. Subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or    might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence). Example: If the coffee was hot, I would drink it. 

How  to identify the finite verbs in a sentence:

1. Most finite verbs can take an -ed or a -d at the end of the word to indicate time in the past:        Example: (cough)coughed (celebrate)celebrated.
2. Nearly all finite verbs take an -s at the end of the word to indicate the present when the subject of the verb is third-person singular: Example: he coughs(cough) she celebrates(celebrate)                       The exceptions are auxiliary verbs like can and must. Remember that nouns can also end in -s. Thus the dog races can refer to a spectator sport or to a fast-moving third-person singular dog. 
3. Finite verbs surround their subjects when some forms of a question are asked.                                   Example:  Is he coughing? Did they celebrate? 
4. Finite verbs are often groups of words that include auxiliary verbs.                                                   Example: can be suffering, must eat, will have gone.
5. Finite verbs usually follow their subjects: Example : He coughs. The documents had compromised.

Kind of Finite Verb

• Transitive

Is a verb that requires both a direct subject and one or more objects

Example :

You pushed the cart ("cart" is the direct object of "pushed")

 I ate the pie ("pie" is an object of "ate")

Intransitive

 it is an action verb and has no direct object

Example : James went to the campus cafe for a steaming bowl of squid eyeball stew.

Linking

Is a verb that is used to connect a subject with an adjective or noun that

describes or identifies the subject. The most common linking verb is be

Example : The party was fantastic.

0 Narrative text

NARRATIVE TEXT

A narrative text is a piece of writing that tells in from of fairy, tale, legend, fable, science, fiction, and myths.

Function:

a.       To entertain the readers.

b.      To teach or inform.

c.       To change social opinion.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

A narrative text can have as many paragraphs as the writers want. However, it mainly consists of three parts: Orientation, Sequence of Events / Complications, and Resolution.

-          ORIENTATION

This part presents the settings of the story and introduce the characters involved.

-          COMPLICATION

The story continues here. Usually, there is an event or a sequence of events that lead the characters into the a complication (some form of conflict that disrupts the normal event).

Tension stars to buildup to a climax, and this draw anticipation in the readers.

-          RESOLUTION

The problem stars to get resolved. Sometimes the story ends happily or vice versa, and at other times the resolution (the ending of the story) is left for the readers to decide.

Features:

·         Characters with define personalities / identities

·         Dialogue often include-tense may change to the present or the future.

·         Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.

Temporal Conjuction of Narrative Text:

o   Once upon a time

o   A long time ago

o   One day

Examples of Narrative Text:

ü  Short stories

ü  Folklore

ü  Legend

0 News Item

News item is to inform the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Is structure is:
• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.

 
Significant Grammar Features:

• Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
• Generally using Simple Past Tense
• Use of Material Processes to retell the event
• Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
• Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
• Focus on Circumstances
• Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.

1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.

0 Preposional phrase

A prepositional phrase is a preposition and the noun following it. The preposition is in the head position and the noun is in the complement position.

    Please not that prepositions are words such as in, from, to, etc. Used before a noun or a pronoun to show a place, a position, time or a method.

The object of the prepositional :

    Prepositional + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause.

    Prepositional + modifier(s) + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause.

      Example :

    At home

         At = prepositional ; home = noun

    In time

         In = prepositional ; time = noun

    From Richie

         From = prepositional ; Richie = noun

    With me

         With = prepositional ; me = pronoun

    By singing

          By = prepositional ; singing = gerund

    About what we need

          About = prepositional ; what we need = noun clause

Most prepositional phrases are longer, like these:

    From my grandmother

          From = preposition; my = modifier; grandmother = noun.

    Under the warm blanket

          Under = preposition; the, warm = modifiers; blanket = noun.

    In the weedy, overgrown garden

          In = preposition; the, weedy, overgrown = modifiers; garden = noun.

Example of conversation :

    A: Where's your office?

    B: In Jakarta, Indonesia.

    A: Really? What part of jakarta?

    B: It's on Pegangsaan Timur Road.

    A: I know that area. Where exactly is it?

    B: It's at Pegangsaan Timur Road no.12 , next to the bookstore.

0 Invitation

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do 

 something. 

There are two types of invitation. *ada 2 macam*

FORMAL INVITATION *yang formal* 

 Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes,
Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.

INFORMAL INVITATION *yang gk formal*

Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc.
Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation. 

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something. 

  Extending (mengundang)

  for example:

• I would like to invite you to come to my house

• Would you like to come to my restaurant?

• How would you like to go  camping with us next month?  

N> keterangan tempat dan waktu bisa diubah sesuai keadaan

Accepting (menerima)  

• I’d love to  

• I like that

• That sounds great

*OK, aja cukup, wokwokwokwokokk* 

Declining (menolak) / refusing

• I’d love to, but I can’t

• I’m really sorry because I can’t come

• Sorry, I’m really busy 

N> Bisa bumbui dengan alasan *hahahaaa*    

0 Surprise & Disbelife

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yaa , mari kita bahas yuukk ,... 

ø To express surprise or disbelief:

* What a surprise! That’s a surprise!

* (Well), that’s very surprising!

* Really?

* What?

* Are you serious? You must be joking!

* You’re kidding!

* Fancy that!

* I must say … surprises me.

* I find that hard to believe.

Example of expressing  surprise:

Angeli : How can you say that?

Tina    : Well, that’s the fact.

Example of expressing  surprise:

Yunita: I can’t believe it!

Rio : That’s true.

When you got a surprising fact, you can say:

* Do you know what?

* Believe it or not?

* You may not believe it, but …

* Can you believe this?

You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:

* Really?

* Are you joking?

* Oh?

* Where? Show me.

0 Gratitude, Compliment, & Congratulation

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Congratulation

Several expressions of congratulating, complimenting, and

thanking:

Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the

congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing

something.

Congratulating:

ô Congratulations!

ô Congratulations on your success!

ô Happy birthday!

ô Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!

ô Merry Christmas!

ô Happy New Year!

ô Happy Valentine!

ô Happy anniversary!

Compliment

Compliment is an expression that we show or say to

express/give praise.

Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to

flatter in order to increase good will, for example:

on his/her general appearance

if you notice something new about the person’s appearance

© when you visit someone’s house for the first time

when other people do their best

Complimenting:

ô What a nice dress!

ô You look great.

ô You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.

ô I really must express my admiration for your dance.

ô Good grades!

ô Excellent!

ô Nice work!

ô Good job!

Gratitude

Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express

grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say

“thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Thanking:

© Thank you very much

© Thank you for your help

© I’m really very grateful to you

© You’re welcome

© Don’t mention it

© It’s a pleasure / My pleasure

© I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my

father, etc)

© I am grateful to your help