0 Prepositional Pharse

Recognize a prepositional phrase when you see one.
At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition.
The object of the preposition will often have one or more modifiers to describe it. These are the patterns for a prepositional phrase:
•    preposition + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause
•    preposition + modifier(s) + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause


Here are some examples of the most basic prepositional phrase:
•    At home
At = preposition; home = noun.
•    In time
In = preposition; time = noun.
•    From Richie
From = preposition; Richie = noun.
•    With me
With = preposition; me = pronoun.
•    By singing
By = preposition; singing = gerund.
•    About what we need
About = preposition; what we need = noun clause.
•    From my grandmother
From = preposition; my = modifier; grandmother = noun.
•    Under the warm blanket
Under = preposition; the, warm = modifiers; blanket = noun.
•    In the weedy, overgrown garden
In = preposition; the, weedy, overgrown = modifiers; garden = noun.
A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the question Which one?
Read these examples:
•    The book on the bathroom floor is swollen from shower steam.
Which book? The one on the bathroom floor!
•    The sweet potatoes in the vegetable bin are green with mold.
Which sweet potatoes? The ones forgotten in the vegetable bin!
As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How? When? or Where?
•    Freddy is stiff from yesterday's long football practice.
How did Freddy get stiff? From yesterday's long football practice!
•    Before class, Josh begged his friends for a pencil.
When did Josh do his begging? Before class!
•    Feeling brave, we tried the Dragon Breath Burritos at Tito's Taco Palace.
Where did we eat the spicy food? At Tito's Taco Palace!
Remember that a prepositional phrase will never contain the subject of a sentence.
Sometimes a noun within the prepositional phrase seems the logical subject of a verb. Don't fall for that trick! You will never find a subject in a prepositional phrase.
Look at this example:
•    Neither of these cookbooks contains the recipe for Manhattan-style squid eyeball stew.
•    Cookbooks do indeed contain recipes. In this sentence, however, cookbooks is part of the prepositional phrase of these cookbooks. Neither—whatever a neither is—is the subject for the verb contains.
Neither is singular, so you need the singular form of the verb, contains. If you incorrectly identified cookbooks as the subject, you might write contain, the plural form, and thus commit a subject-verb agreement error.

0 Recount Text

The Definition Of Recount Text

Recount text  is a text that is used to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

The generic structures of recount text are  :

• Orientation ( it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)
• Events (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)
• Re-orientation  (restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident.

The significant Lexicogrammatical features :

•    Use of simple past tense

•    Use of temporal conjunctions (when, after, before, next, later, then)

•    Use of personal pronoun (I, we)

Example :
RA Kartini

Every April 21, people in Indonesia commemorate the Kartini day. It is

a beautiful day for the woman because we celebrate the birth of great

lady, RA. Kartini. Everyone knows who kartini is. She is our national

heroine and a great lady with the bright idea.

Kartini was born in 1879, April 21 in Mayong Jepara. Her father was

RMAA. Sosroningrat, Wedana (assistant of head of regency) in Mayong.

Her mother, MA Ngasirah was a girl from Teluk Awur village in Jepara.

As the daughter of a noble family, she felt luck because she got more

than the ordinary people got. She got better education than other

children. She did anything she wants although it was forbidden. She

passed her childhood with her brother and sister. Because she was very

energetic, her father called her "trinil"

Then her father was chosen as Bupati (the head of regency) in Jepara.

She and her family then moved from Mayong to Jepara. In the same year,

Kartini's second sister RA Kardinah was born. The environment in Jepara

gave her big chance to develop her idea. She could study at the Dutch

owned school where only children from noble family could study here.

Few years after finishing her study, RA. Kartini was willing to

continue her study in higher level. But the custom of that day forbid a

woman to go to school. A tradition of that time, a teenage girl should

be secluded and limited her activity. So was Kartini. She was secluded

inside the house and forbidden to go out until a man propose her. The

rule could restrict her body but not her mind. During her "pingitan"

time, she spent her time by reading book which she got from her

relatives.

Although she was not able to continue her study to higher level, she

was smart had a bright idea. She got the knowledge from the books she

read. To express her idea, she established a school for local people on

the backyard of Jepara city hall.

In November 12,1903, she married Adipati Djoyodiningrat, the head of

Rembang regency. According to Javanese tradition Kartini had to follow

her husband. Then she moved to Rembang.
In September 13, 1904 she gave a birth to her son. His name was

Singgih. But after giving birth to a son, her condition was getting

worse and she finally passed away on September 17, 1904 on her 25 years

old.

Now Kartini has gone. But her spirit and dream will always be in our

heart. Nowadays Indonesian women progress is influenced by Kartini's

spirit stated on collection of letter "Habis gelap terbitlah terang"

from the dusk to the dawn.

0 Sympathy Expression

The definition of sympathy Expression  :

Sympathy Expression is an expression or feeling of pity  and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition .By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people ‘s condition.

How can we give sympathy expression to someone :

We express it directly to him/her orally or we  can use a letter or card by post also by short message service ( sms ), e-mail,television ,radio ,and newspaper if he /she who got the trouble is far from us.

Several expression  of sympathy :

• I ‘m so sorry to haer that
• I’m awfully sorry about……….
• Oh ,how awfully
• Oh, dear !
• How pity you are !

Example of dialogue that expression :

Mr Afgan : You know that ? David has lost contact with his friend

Asraf         :  I’ m awfully sorry about information it.

0 VOCABS: SHAPES and PARTS OF BODY

Vocabs: shapes,part of body

SHAPES

Simple Straight sided shapes
Rectangle
Square
Triangle
Simple Rounded shapes
Circle
Oval
3D shapes
Cone
Cube
Cylinder
Pyramid
Sphere
Mathematical shapes
Parallelogram
Pentagon - 5 sides
Octagon - 8 sides
Miscellaneous shapes
Diamond
Heart

Part of Body

The Body = Tubuh
1.Hair = Rambut
2.Head = Kepala
3.Neck = Leher
4.Throat = Tenggorokan
5.Shoulder = Bahu
6.Chest = Dada
7.Back = Punggung
8.Waist = Pinggung
9.Stomach = Perut
10.Hip = Pinggul
11.Bottom = Pantat
12.Armpit = Ketiak
13.Arm = Lengan
14.Upper arm = Lengan Atas
15.Elbow = Siku
16.Forearm = Lengan Bawah
17.Wrist = Pergelangan Tangan
18.Fist = Kepalan Tangan
19.Hand = Tanagn
20.Palm = Tapak Tangan
21.Thumb = Ibu Jari
22.Finger = Jari Tangan
23.Nail = Kuku
24.Leg = Kaki
25.Thigh = Paha
26.Knee = Lutut
27.Calf = Betis
28.Ankle = Pergelangan Kaki
29.Foot = Kaki
30.Heel = Tumit
31.Instep = Kura-Kura Kaki
32.Sole = Tapak Kaki
33.Toes = Jari Kaki

THE INSIDES = ORGAN DALAM
1.Brain = Otak
2.Windpipe = Batang Tenggorokan
3.Heart = Jantung
4.Lung = Paru-Paru
5.Liver = Hati
6.Kidney = Ginjal
7.Intestines = Usus
8.Bladder = Kandung Kemis
9.Vein = Pembuluh Balik
10.Artery = Pembuluh Nadi
11.Muscle = Otot

THE EYE = MATA
1.Eyeball = Bola Mata
2.Eyebrow = Alis Mata
3.Eyelid = Kelopak Mata
4.Eyelashes = Bulu Mata
5.Pupil = Manik Mata
6.Iris = Selaput Pelangi

The Face = Wajah
1.Eye = Mata
2.Noise = Hidung
3.Ear = Telinga
4.Mouth = Mulut
5.Cheek = Pipi
6.Chin = Dagu
7.Temple = Pelipis
8.Forehead/Brow = Dahi/Kenig
9.Jaw = Rahang
10.Moustache = Kumis
11.Beard = Janggut
12.Tooth = Gigi
13.Lip = Bibir
14.Tongue = Lidah

0 Descriptive text

A descriptive text is a text which lists the characteristics of something. Take an example, the following is one of the text belongs to the descriptive text.

Prambanan Temple

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Central Java in Indonesia, located approximately 18 km east of Yogyakarta.

The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the largest Hindu temples in south-east Asia. It is characterised by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu temple architecture, and by the 47m high central building inside a large complex of individual temples.

It was built around 850 CE by either Rakai Pikatan, king of the second Mataram dynasty, or Balitung Maha Sambu, during the Sanjaya Dynasty. Not long after its construction, the temple was abandoned and began to deteriorate. Reconstruction of the compound began in 1918. The main building was completed in around 1953. Much of the original stonework has been stolen and reused at remote construction sites. A temple will only be rebuilt if at least 75% of the original stones are available, and therefore only the foundation walls of most of the smaller shrines are now visible and with no plans for their reconstruction.

The temple was damaged during the earthquake in Java in 2006. Early photos suggest that although the complex appears to be structurally intact, damage is significant. Large pieces of debris, including carvings, were scattered over the ground. The temple has been closed to the public until damage can be fully assessed. The head of Yogyakarta Archaeological Conservation Agency stated that: “it will take months to identify the precise damage”. However, some weeks later in 2006 the site re-opened for visitors. The immediate surroundings of the Hindu temples remain off-limits for safety reasons.

We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: ·

• Describe a special place and explain why it is special.
• Describe the most important person in your live.
• Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

Descriptive writing or text is usually also used to help writer develop an aspect of their work, e.g. to create a particular mood, atmosphere or describe a place so that the reader can create vivid pictures of characters, places, objects etc. To complete our intention to, here are the characteristics based on descriptive writing or text, below;

As a feature, description is a style of writing which can be useful for other variety of purposes as:

• To engage a reader’s attention
• To create characters
• To set a mood or create an atmosphere
• To being writing to life

While in language function, descriptive writing;

• Aims to show rather than tell the reader what something/someone is like
• Relies on precisely chosen vocabulary with carefully chosen adjectives and adverbs.
• Is focused and concentrates only on the aspects that add something to the main purpose of the description.
• Sensory description-what is heard, seen, smelt, felt, tasted.Precise use of adjectives, similes, metaphors to create images/pictures in the mind e.g. their noses were met with the acrid smell of rotting flesh.
• Strong  development of the experience that “put the reader there” focuses on key details, powerful verbs and precise nouns.

Beyond the characteristics stated on, descriptive writing also consists of generic structure in range as:

1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing

The description text has dominant language features as follows:

1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

0 Asking for information

Definition :

Asking for information is one way of communicating the purpose of obtaining or asking for information person unknown.

The Use WH-Question

• When 
• Where 
• What 
• Why 
• Who 
• How 

Information About company

• What does your company do? 
• What is your specialty? 
• What do you specialize in?
• What is your main line of business?
• We produce marketing materials. 
• We specialize in art and design. 
• What are your major products? 
• What services do you provide?
• We produce office machines. 
• We design software. 
• We provide technical support .

Information About Product

• Could you give me some (more) information on this? 
•  What can you tell me about this (product)? 
• Tell me about this one/model. 
• This is one of our top brands. 
• It's our best selling refrigerator. 
• This one is the best in its class. 
• We're really pleased with its performance. 
• It's an excellent computer. 
• I highly recommend this one.
• This model comes with several features. 
• This particular one has two components.
  

Information About Price

• What are you asking for this? 
• What does this sell for? 
• How much is it?  
• How much does it run? 
• This (one) sells for $5900.
• This one goes for $2900.
• This one is priced at $9696.

Combine With To Be

• What is your name? 
• When was he born? 
• Where are the books? 
• Why where they are?
• How is Rara? 

 Combine With Auxilary Verb or Modal

• What do . . . . 
• When did . . . . 
• Where shall . . . . 
• Why does . . . .
• Who might . . . . 
• How colud . . . .

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone

• I’m calling to find out . . . . 
• I’m calling about . . . . 

Guessing

• I’d say … I know where to find the book 
• It could be … somewhere in the library 
• Perhaps it’s … on the top of the shelf 
• I think it’s … not there anymore 
• It looks like … someone has taken the book  
• It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess … 
• It’s being borrowed by a student 

Example of Asking For Information

1.)      What is this? 2.)      What is that? 3.)      What’s this? 4.)      What’s that? 5.)      What are these? 6.)      What are those? 7.)      Where is Mr. King? 8.)      Where is Ms. Knight? 9.)      Where’s Johnny? 10.)   When’s the movie? 11.)   When’s lunch? 12.)   How is the food?

1.)        This is table. 2.)        That is a chair. 3.)        It’s a pen. 4.)        It’s an apple. 5.)        These are pencils. 6.)        Those are books. 7.)        He is over there. 8.)        She’s (right) here. 9.)        He’s in the house. 10.)     It’s at 9.00. 11.)     Lunch is at noon 12.)     It’s delicious.

Formula	Question Word	Example Finish
Could you tell me	When	The next train leaves?
Do you know	How much	That vase costs?
Do you happen to know	Where	Tom lives?
I’d like to know	What	You think about the new project?
Could you tell me	When	The next train level?
Could you find out	When	She is going to arrive?

 

Dialogue : 
Marc : Excuse me. Can you help me? I'm looking for the windsurfing centre.
Eloii   : Ah, yes, the windsurfing centre is at Platja D'aro beach. Do you know the beach?
Marc : Not really, no.
Eloii   : Let me show you on the map. It's here, look.
Marc : Ok. Great. And where's the cinema?
Eloii   : Erm, there's a cinema in Girona, next to the Hospital Bufill.
Marc : Ok, great. Thanks very much.

0 Direct & indirect speech

Direct speech : refers to reproducing another persons excact word. We use quotation marks.

Example of Direct Speech :
1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”
2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”
3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”
4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”
5. You said, “I will come to help him.”
6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”

Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word.

There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :
1. Imperrative (command/request)
2. interrogative (question)
3. Declarative (statement)

Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.


In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".
Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.

2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.

3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.